The main mechanism of 5-FU activation is conversion to fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) which inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase (TYMS), an important part of the folate-homocysteine cycle and purine and pyrimidine synthesis The conversion of 5-FU to FdUMP can occur via thymidylate phosphorylase (TYMP) to fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR) and then by the action of thymidine kinase to FdUMP or indirectly via fluorouridine monophosphate (FUMP) or fluroridine (FUR) to fluorouridine diphosphate (FUDP) and then ribonucleotide reductase action to FdUDP and FdUMP. FUDP and FdUDP can also be converted to FUTP and FdUTP and incorporated into RNA and DNA respectively which also contributes to the pharmacodynamic actions of fluoropyrimidines.
Sources: [https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA150653776 PharmGKB:Fluoropyrimidine Pharmacokinetics], [https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165291507 PharmGKB:Fluoropyrimidine Pharmacodynamics], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorouracil Wikipedia:Fluorouracil]
Proteins on this pathway have targeted assays available via the [https://assays.cancer.gov/available_assays?wp_id=WP1601 CPTAC Assay Portal]