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Glycerophospholipid biosynthetic pathway
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Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides, in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids joined to glycerol; and sphingolipids, in which a single fatty acid is joined to a fatty amine, sphingosine, are glycerol-based phospholipids and the main component of biological membranes. The hydrophilic moieties in these amphipathic compounds may be as a simple as a single -OH at one end of the sterol ring system, or they may be more complex. Glycerophospholipds, as well as sphingolipids, contained polar or charged alcohols at their polar ends; some also contain phosphate groups.
In glycerophospholipids, two fatty acids are ester-linked to glycerol at C-1 and C-2, and a highly polar or charged (and therefore hydrophilic) head group is attached to C-3 through a phosphodiester bond. All glycerophospholipds are derivatives of phosphatidic acid and are named for their polar head groups (e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine). All have a negative charge on the phosphate group at pH 7.0. The head-goup alcohol may also contribute one or more charges at pH near 7.0. The fatty acids in glycerophospholipds can be any of a wide variety. They are different in different species, in different tissues of the same species, and in different types of glycerophospholipids in the same cell or tissue. In general, glycerophospholipids contain a saturated fatty acid at C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid at C-2, and, in general terms, the fatty acyl groups are generally 16 or 18 carbons long.
Eukaryotic membranes contain significant amounts of two other types of glycerophospholipids: Plasmalogens and Alkylacylglycerophospholipids. Plasmalogens contain a hydrocarbon chain linked to glycerol C-1 via vinyl ether linkage whereas alkylacylglycerophospholipids the alkyl substituent at glycerol C-1 is attached via an ether linkage. About 20% of mammalian glycerophospholipids are plasmalogens, this percentage varies both from species to species and from tissue to tissue within a given organism. While plasmalogens comprise only about 0.8% of the phospholipids in human liver, they account for around 23% of those in human nervous tissue. The alkylacylglycerophospholipids are less abundant than the plasmalogens, e.g., about 59% of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids of human heart are plasmalogens, whereas only 3.6% are alkylacylglycerophospholipids. However, in bovine erythrocytes, 75% of the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids are of alkylacyl type.
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https://identifiers.org/pubmed/1495418
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/9370334
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/9370335
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/14604010
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/14626658
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/1329260
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/1333282
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/1550861
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/1323038
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/1323040
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/1323041
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2096696
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/18204095
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10553003
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10601694
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10396999
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10427554
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10395968
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10396601
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10208837
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10215861
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/11171073
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/11044454
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10882337
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10893425
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10692424
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10729607
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10759022
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10761925
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/20178759
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/19324408
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/17412762
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/17928411
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/22981911
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/22374091
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2143679
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2163656
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/20559679
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2988417
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/3707974
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/3753461
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/3818635
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/4005284
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/3440872
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/3707712
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/3300655
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/330281
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6257301
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6263342
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6264966
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6268930
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6088233
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6113006
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6145585
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6251897
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/5277094
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/5334818
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/5580660
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/5581578
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/4092051
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/4369816
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/476064
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/479108
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/10358924
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/7492326
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/11740936
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/7537411
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/7574485
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/7031820
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/7107629
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/7215553
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/7378426
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6705975
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6712967
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/677084
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6288375
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6297743
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6354980
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/6388643
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2543404
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2498871
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/15922587
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2499328
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/1362247
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2505652
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2663077
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2545264
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2832400
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2833508
https://identifiers.org/pubmed/2936199