Summary of reported extracellular vesicle (EV) release from cardiac cells in culture and their functional effects. EV release has been reported in numerous cell lines and primary cultures, both at baseline and in response to stimuli. Transfer of EVs between cell types has been demonstrated as well as delivery of cargo.
Note that this pathway represents a review of multiple studies in multiple organisms. This pathway displays the human orthologs.
HUVEC: human aortic endothelial cell
HMEC-1: human microvascular endothelial cell
HASMC: human aortic smooth muscle cell
NRVM: neonatal rat ventricular myocyte.
Adapted from Danielson KM, Das S. Extracellular Vesicles in Heart Disease: Excitement for the Future? [Exosomes Microvesicles, 2014.](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25429310).